Difference between revisions of "Slovakish Glossary"

Revision as of 13:25, 14 April 2015

English to Slovakish glossary.
English Slovakish Explanation Alluvial deposits Aluviální sedimenty Sediments deposited by modern rivers and streams Alluvial river Aluviální tok River with a bed consisting of sediments deposited by this river and still actively remolded by erosion and sedimentation Alluvium Aluvium Sediment deposits Anabranched river Větvící se koryto River consisting of a network of channels separated by large islands that are usually vegetated Anadromous Anadromní Adjective indicating fish that spawn in fresh water after spending most of their lives and becoming mature in the sea. See also <catadromous> Aquifer Zvodeň Water-bearing layer of porous subsurface material that can yield usable quantities of water Backswamps Nivní pánev (sníženina) Wetlands in the lowest areas of the valley floor away from the main channel, storing fine-grained suspended-load sediments Backwater effect Vzdutí Influence from downstream conditions on water levels and flow velocities Bank Břeh Lateral channel boundary Bankfull discharge Korytotvorný průtok Discharge at which water levels reach the top of the river banks Bar Lavice, jesep Submerged or emerged bedform of sand, gravel, or other unconsolidated material, built in shallow water and much longer than the water depth Base flow Základní odtok Sustained low flow in a stream, mostly fed by groundwater discharge Bathymetry Batymetrie Spatial distribution of water depths below an agreed plane of reference water levels. As this plane has a slope in rivers, bathymetry should not be confused with <bed topography> Bed level Úrověň říčního dna Elevation of bottom of river or stream above a horizontal datum Bedload Dnové splaveniny Sediment transported by rolling, sliding or jumping over the bed Bed-material load Splaveniny Transport of sediment that is also found in the river bed. It can be transported as both <bedload> and <suspended load> Bedrock Podloží Consolidated subsurface material that underlies soils or other unconsolidated material Bed shear stress Smykové napětí na povrchu sedimentu Tangential forces per unit bed area exerted by the flow on the river bed, as a measure of flow strength. See also <flow velocity> and <stream power> Bed topography Topografie koryta Spatial distribution of bed elevations with respect to a horizontal datum, not to be confused with <bathymetry> Bench Korytový stupeň (berma) Sediment deposition unit along a bank face. Also <berm> Benthic Bentický Living at or in the bottom of a fresh or salty body of water. Opposed to <pelagic> Benthos Bentos Plants and animals that live in, on or attached to the bottom of water bodies Berm Korytový stupeň (berma) Sediment deposition unit along a bank face. Also <bench> Biogeographical region Biogeografický region Relatively large area that contains characteristic assemblages of natural communities and species that are the product of broad environmental influences and common evolutionary and immigration history. See <region> Bivalve Mlži A mollusk with two shells, for instance a clam or a mussel Boulders Balvany Rock fragments larger than 200 mm in diameter Braided river Divočící tok River consisting of a network of smaller channels separated by small and often temporary non-vegetated islands called braid bars Buffer strip Obalová zóna Vegetation along a stream left intact after logging or land clearing, preventing fine sediment from entering into the stream Cascade Kaskády Stream bed covered with disorganized boulders in steep confined channels Catadromous Katadromní Adjective indicating fish that spawn in the open sea after spending their lives and becoming mature in fresh water. See also <anadromous> Catchment Povodí Area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Also <drainage basin> or <watershed>. Catchment is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms Chute channel Odškrcené koryto (šíjové koryto) Channel across a bar or floodplain, shortcutting the flow in the main channel Clay Jíl Mineral soil particle smaller than 0.002 mm in diameter Cobbles Kameny Rock fragments between 63 mm and 200 mm in diameter Crenal Krenál Zone of stream source in longitudinal habitat zonation, also <krenal>. See also <rhithral> and <potamal> Crevasse Průrva Breach in natural levee Crevasse splay Výplavový kužel Local accumulation of sand or gravel, deposited by water escaping from the channel through a <crevasse> Crossing Brod Relatively shallow zone between two consecutive bends in navigable rivers. Also <cross-over> Cross-over Brod Relatively shallow zone between two consecutive bends in navigable rivers. Also <crossing> Crustacean Korýši Invertebrate animal (without backbone) with a hard exoskeleton (external support or protection of the body) and at least five pairs of jointed legs on the thorax Current Proud, tok Movement of water in a water body Datum Datum Reference elevation level, for instance mean sea level Degradation Degradace, poškození In hydromorphology: Lowering of bed elevation by erosion or removal of sediment. In ecology: Damaged condition of habitat Discharge Průtok Volume of water that flows through a section per unit of time Drainage basin Povodí Area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Also <catchment> or <watershed>. <Catchment> is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms Dune Duna Bedform with a height in the order of tens of percent of the water depth. Two-dimensional dunes have long crests perpendicular to the flow. Three-dimensional dunes have short crests. Ecoregion Ekoregion See <region> and <biogeographical region>. Emergent plant Emergentní hydrofyty (rostliny) Plant rooted in shallow water with much of the stem and most of the leaves above the water Eurytopic Eurytopní Adjective for aquatic species that tolerate both stagnant and flowing water conditions. See also <limnophilic> and <rheophilic> Floodplain Záplavové území, říční niva, údolní niva Land bordering a river or a stream, built up of sediments from overbank flows and subject to inundation at floods Flow resistance Průtokový odpor Forces opposing the discharge of water. A low flow resistance implies high flow velocities and small water depths. A high flow resistance implies low flow velocities and high water depths. Flow velocity Rychlost proudu Distance travelled by flowing water per unit time, as a measure of flow strength. See also <stream power> and <bed shear stress> Geomorphic unit Geomorfologická jednotka Area containing a landform created by erosion or deposition inside or outside the river channel. Also <morphological unit>, <mesohabitat> or <subreach>. Geomorphic unit is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms Glide Tišina Zone of relatively shallow flow as an intermediate feature between shallower riffles and deeper pools, similar to the somewhat steeper <run> Gravel Štěrk Rock fragments between 2 and 63 mm in diameter Habitat Habitat, biotop Place where a particular species or life stage lives and grows. Essentially, it is the (mostly physical) environment that surrounds a species population or age group Hydraulic roughness Hydraulická drsnost Parameter governing <flow resistance> Hydraulic unit Hydraulická jednotka Spatially distinct patch of relatively homogeneous surface-flow and substrate character. Hydraulic unit is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms Impoundment Nádrž, přehrada Structure built to maintain a desired water level Infauna Bentičtí živočichové žijící pod povrchem dna Benthic animals that burrow into the substrate Invertebrates Bezobratlí Animals without a backbone Island Ostrov Landform surrounded by areas of the channel bed and emerged at bankfull stage Krenal Krenál Zone of stream source in longitudinal habitat zonation, also <crenal>. See also <rhithral> and <potamal> Landscape unit Krajinný celek, jednotka Portion of a catchment with similar landscape morphological characteristics. Also physiographic unit. Landscape unit is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms Levee Hráz See <natural levee>. Levee can also refer to a man-made dike along the Loire river in France or along North-American rivers that belonged to French Louisiana between 1682 and 1803, such as the Mississippi river Limnetic Vázaný na stojaté vody (limnický, lenitický) Related to the environment of lakes and ponds. Adjective for aquatic macroinvertebrates that prefer standing water Limnophilic Limnofilní Adjective for aquatic species that prefer stagnant water. See also <eurytopic> and <rheophilic> Lotic Lotický Related to fast-moving water, such as in most streams and rivers Macroinvertebrates Makrozoobentos Animals without backbones (“invertebrates”) that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye (“macro”, larger than 0.5 mm) Macrophyte Makrofyta All aquatic higher plants, mosses and characean algae, but excluding single-celled phytoplankton and diatoms Macrozoobenthos Makrozoobentos Aquatic macroinvertebrates living at or in the bottom Meandering river Meandrující tok River with a single channel and a <sinuosity> larger than 1.5 Measure Opatření See <mitigation measure> and <restoration measure> Mesohabitat Mesohabitat Spatially distinct patch of relatively homogeneous <microhabitat> patches serving species or life stages as <habitat>. See <geomorphic unit> Microhabitat Mikrohabitat Spatially distinct patch of uniform substrate, plant cover or physical structure which is relevant for species, e.g. as spawning or feeding substrate Mitigation measure Nápravná opatření Activity to reduce the impact of a pressure Mollusks Měkkýši Unsegmented invertebrate animals (without a backbone) that possess an external or vestigial calcium carbonate shell Morphological unit Morfologická jednotka See <geomorphic unit> Mud Bahno Loose slushy fine sediment consisting of clay, silt, fine sand, and organic material. Often water-formed and deposited on the bottom of lakes, rivers and estuaries Natural levee Přirozená hráz Elevated feature along river channel, composed of sediments deposited by overbank flows leaving the main channel Oxbow lake Mrtvé rameno (po odškrcení meandru) Lake formed when a river meander is cut off from the main channel Pebble Střední až hrubý štěrk Gravel particle Pelagic Pelagiální Living and feeding in the water column. Opposed to <benthic> Physiographic unit Krajinný celek, jednotka (italská terminologie) See <landscape unit> Phytoplankton Fytoplankton Microscopic plants that float or drift almost passively in water Pointbar Vrcholová lavice (na vnitřní straně oblouku) Bar along the inner bank of a river bend Pool Tůň, tišina Relatively deep, still section in a river or stream. Pools alternate with <steps> or <riffles> in gravel-bed rivers and with <crossings> or <cross-overs> in navigable rivers Potamal Potamál Zone of lowland rivers in longitudinal habitat zonation. See also <crenal> or <krenal> and <rhithral> Pothole Obří hrnec Deep circular hole scoured in bedrock as a result of abrasion by transported particles trapped in the hole Pressure Tlak In hydromorphology: Force per unit area exerted on a surface by the weight of the water above that surface. In the Water Framework Directive: Direct environmental effect of a driver such as agriculture, industry, hydropower generation or navigation Rapids Peřej Stream bed with boulders organized in irregular transverse lines (ribs), in steep confined channels Reach Úsek Section of river along which boundary conditions are sufficiently uniform for the river to maintain a near-constant internal set of process-form interactions. Reach is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms Region Region Relatively large area underleying similar broad influences of climate, relief, tectonic processes, etc. Also <ecoregion> or <biogeographical region>. Region is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms. It typically contains characteristic assemblages of natural communities and species. Restoration measure Revitalizační opatření Activity to improve the status of degraded waters, be it by improving water quality or by changing hydromorphological conditions Rheophilic Rheofilní Adjective for aquatic species that prefer flowing waters. See also <eurytopic> and <limnophilic> Rhithral Rhitrál Zone of streams in longitudinal habitat zonation, identical to the zone of trout and grayling. See also <crenal> or <krenal> and <potamal> Ridge “Hřeben” (jedna z vyvýšenin “meandrové nivní lavice”) Old <scroll bar> incorporated in the floodplain as the channel migrated away Riffle Peřej Zone of relatively shallow and rapid flow in gravel-bed rivers Riparian Pobřežní Related to zone adjacent to a stream or river with a high density, diversity, and productivity of plant and animal species compared to nearby uplands Ripple Čeřiny Small bedform of a few centimetres high, with a long crest perpendicular to the flow River element Říční mikrohabitat Part of river environment including individuals and patches of sediment, plants, wood, etc. Also <microhabitat>. River element is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms. River sector Úsek toku See <river segment> River segment Úsek toku Section of river subject to similar valley-scale influences and energy conditions. Also river sector. River segment is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms Run Tišina Zone of relatively shallow flow as an intermediate feature between shallower riffles and deeper pools, similar to the somewhat flatter <glide> Sand Písek, písčitý Mineral soil particle between 0.063 mm and 2.0 mm in diameter Scour Výmol Local removal of sediment from the stream bed by flowing water Scroll bar „meandrová nivní lavice“, nízké, protáhlé útvary na vrcholové lavici, indikující vývoj meandru Elongated raised feature on top of a <point bar> Sediment Sediment, usazenina Solid matter eroded, transported or deposited in rivers Sediment yield Množství sedimentu Amount of sediment eroded per unit land area in a river catchment Silt Prach Mineral soil particle between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm in diameter Sinuosity Křivolakost Ratio between the distance measured along the channel and the distance measured in the direction of the overall planimetric course or meander belt axis Specific stream power Specifický výkon toku <Stream power> per unit channel width, as a measure of flow strength Step Stupeň Steep accumulation of boulders and cobbles across a channel, generally with a pool downstream that is scoured by flow plunging over the step Stream power Výkon toku Rate of energy dissipation per unit downstream length, as a measure of flow strength. See also <flow velocity> and <bed shear stress> Stressor Stresor, tlak Pressure in the sense of a direct environmental effect of a driver Subreach Jednotka koryta menší než úsek toku See <geomorphic unit> Suspended load Plaveniny Sediment transported in the water column, kept from settling by upward turbulent motions of the water. It can consist of both <bed-material load> and <washload> Swale Rýha (prohlubeň mezi dvěma hřebeny “meandrové nivní lavice”) Depression between adjacent <ridges> that are old <scroll bars> Terrace Terasa Abandoned inactive floodplain perched above contemporary channel and floodplain Thalweg Thalweg, proudnice Line connecting the deepest points of consecutive cross-sections Thread Větvení koryta (Single-thread channel = nerozvětvené koryto; Multi-thread channel = rozvětvené koryto) Channel in river typologies. A single-thread river has only one channel in each cross-section. A multiple-thread has more than one channel in each cross-section Wandering river Migrující řeka (koryto) River with a single channel that locally splits into two channels, as a transitional form between meandering rivers and braided rivers Washload “smyvové částice z povodí” jemné částice plavenin, které se nevyskytují v dnových sedimentech (do koryta se dostávají smyvem z povodí) Sediments much finer than those in the river bed, transported without dependence on flow strength Water body Vodní útvar Distinct and significant volume of water Water depth Hloubka Height of water column. Elevation difference between water level and bed level Water level Výška hladiny Elevation of water surface above a horizontal datum Watershed Povodí Area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Also <catchment> or <drainage basin>. <Catchment> is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms