Difference between revisions of "French Glossary"
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Revision as of 13:30, 14 April 2015
English to French glossary.
English French Explanation
Alluvial deposits Dépôts alluviaux Sediments deposited by modern rivers and streams
Alluvial river Rivière alluviale River with a bed consisting of sediments deposited by this river and still actively remolded by erosion and sedimentation
Alluvium Alluvion Sediment deposits
Anabranched river Rivière à anabranches River consisting of a network of channels separated by large islands that are usually vegetated
Anadromous Anadrome Adjective indicating fish that spawn in fresh water after spending most of their lives and becoming mature in the sea. See also <catadromous>
Aquifer Aquifère Water-bearing layer of porous subsurface material that can yield usable quantities of water
Backswamps Baissières Wetlands in the lowest areas of the valley floor away from the main channel, storing fine-grained suspended-load sediments
Backwater effect Effet de remous Influence from downstream conditions on water levels and flow velocities
Bank Berge Lateral channel boundary
Bankfull discharge Débit de plein bord Discharge at which water levels reach the top of the river banks
Bar Banc, Barre Submerged or emerged bedform of sand, gravel, or other unconsolidated material, built in shallow water and much longer than the water depth
Base flow Ecoulement de base Sustained low flow in a stream, mostly fed by groundwater discharge
Bathymetry Bathymétrie Spatial distribution of water depths below an agreed plane of reference water levels. As this plane has a slope in rivers, bathymetry should not be confused with <bed topography>
Bed level Niveau du lit Elevation of bottom of river or stream above a horizontal datum
Bedload Charriage Sediment transported by rolling, sliding or jumping over the bed
Bed-material load Charge de fond Transport of sediment that is also found in the river bed. It can be transported as both <bedload> and <suspended load>
Bedrock Substratum rocheux Consolidated subsurface material that underlies soils or other unconsolidated material
Bed shear stress Contrainte de cisaillement Tangential forces per unit bed area exerted by the flow on the river bed, as a measure of flow strength. See also <flow velocity> and <stream power>
Bed topography Topographie du lit Spatial distribution of bed elevations with respect to a horizontal datum, not to be confused with <bathymetry>
Bench Replat, Terrasse en gradins Sediment deposition unit along a bank face. Also <berm>
Benthic Benthique Living at or in the bottom of a fresh or salty body of water. Opposed to <pelagic>
Benthos Benthos Plants and animals that live in, on or attached to the bottom of water bodies
Berm Banquette, Berme, Talus Sediment deposition unit along a bank face. Also <bench>
Biogeographical region Région bio-géographique Relatively large area that contains characteristic assemblages of natural communities and species that are the product of broad environmental influences and common evolutionary and immigration history. See <region>
Bivalve Bivalve A mollusk with two shells, for instance a clam or a mussel
Boulders Blocs Rock fragments larger than 200 mm in diameter
Braided river Rivière en tresses River consisting of a network of smaller channels separated by small and often temporary non-vegetated islands called braid bars
Buffer strip Bande tampon Vegetation along a stream left intact after logging or land clearing, preventing fine sediment from entering into the stream
Cascade Cascade Stream bed covered with disorganized boulders in steep confined channels
Catadromous Catadrome Adjective indicating fish that spawn in the open sea after spending their lives and becoming mature in fresh water. See also <anadromous>
Catchment Bassin hydrographique Area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Also <drainage basin> or <watershed>. Catchment is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms
Chute channel Chenal de chute Channel across a bar or floodplain, shortcutting the flow in the main channel
Clay Argile Mineral soil particle smaller than 0.002 mm in diameter
Cobbles Galets Rock fragments between 63 mm and 200 mm in diameter
Crenal Crénal Zone of stream source in longitudinal habitat zonation, also <krenal>. See also <rhithral> and <potamal>
Crevasse Fissure Breach in natural levee
Crevasse splay Dépôt alluvial en arrière d’une fissure Local accumulation of sand or gravel, deposited by water escaping from the channel through a <crevasse>
Crossing Gué, Traversée Relatively shallow zone between two consecutive bends in navigable rivers. Also <cross-over>
Cross-over Gué, Traversée Relatively shallow zone between two consecutive bends in navigable rivers. Also <crossing>
Crustacean Crustacé Invertebrate animal (without backbone) with a hard exoskeleton (external support or protection of the body) and at least five pairs of jointed legs on the thorax
Current Courant Movement of water in a water body
Datum Ligne de repère, Plan de référence Reference elevation level, for instance mean sea level
Degradation Dégradation, Incision In hydromorphology: Lowering of bed elevation by erosion or removal of sediment. In ecology: Damaged condition of habitat
Discharge Débit Volume of water that flows through a section per unit of time
Drainage basin Bassin versant Area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Also <catchment> or <watershed>. <Catchment> is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms
Dune Dune Bedform with a height in the order of tens of percent of the water depth. Two-dimensional dunes have long crests perpendicular to the flow. Three-dimensional dunes have short crests.
Ecoregion Ecorégion See <region> and <biogeographical region>.
Emergent plant Plante émergente Plant rooted in shallow water with much of the stem and most of the leaves above the water
Eurytopic Eurytope Adjective for aquatic species that tolerate both stagnant and flowing water conditions. See also <limnophilic> and <rheophilic>
Floodplain Plaine d’inondation Land bordering a river or a stream, built up of sediments from overbank flows and subject to inundation at floods
Flow resistance Résistance à l’écoulement Forces opposing the discharge of water. A low flow resistance implies high flow velocities and small water depths. A high flow resistance implies low flow velocities and high water depths.
Flow velocity Vitesse de l’écoulement Distance travelled by flowing water per unit time, as a measure of flow strength. See also <stream power> and <bed shear stress>
Geomorphic unit Unité géomorphologique Area containing a landform created by erosion or deposition inside or outside the river channel. Also <morphological unit>, <mesohabitat> or <subreach>. Geomorphic unit is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms
Glide Plat lentique Zone of relatively shallow flow as an intermediate feature between shallower riffles and deeper pools, similar to the somewhat steeper <run>
Gravel Gravier Rock fragments between 2 and 63 mm in diameter
Habitat Habitat Place where a particular species or life stage lives and grows. Essentially, it is the (mostly physical) environment that surrounds a species population or age group
Hydraulic roughness Rugosité hydraulique Parameter governing <flow resistance>
Hydraulic unit Unité hydraulique Spatially distinct patch of relatively homogeneous surface-flow and substrate character. Hydraulic unit is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms
Impoundment Retenue, Réservoir Structure built to maintain a desired water level
Infauna Endofaune, Pelon Benthic animals that burrow into the substrate
Invertebrates Invertébrés Animals without a backbone
Island Île Landform surrounded by areas of the channel bed and emerged at bankfull stage
Krenal Crénal Zone of stream source in longitudinal habitat zonation, also <crenal>. See also <rhithral> and <potamal>
Landscape unit Unité de paysage Portion of a catchment with similar landscape morphological characteristics. Also physiographic unit. Landscape unit is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms
Levee Levée, Digue See <natural levee>. Levee can also refer to a man-made dike along the Loire river in France or along North-American rivers that belonged to French Louisiana between 1682 and 1803, such as the Mississippi river
Limnetic Limnétique Related to the environment of lakes and ponds. Adjective for aquatic macroinvertebrates that prefer standing water
Limnophilic Limnophile Adjective for aquatic species that prefer stagnant water. See also <eurytopic> and <rheophilic>
Lotic Lotique Related to fast-moving water, such as in most streams and rivers
Macroinvertebrates Macroinvertébrés Animals without backbones (“invertebrates”) that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye (“macro”, larger than 0.5 mm)
Macrophyte Macrophyte All aquatic higher plants, mosses and characean algae, but excluding single-celled phytoplankton and diatoms
Macrozoobenthos Macrozoobenthos Aquatic macroinvertebrates living at or in the bottom
Meandering river Rivière à méandres River with a single channel and a <sinuosity> larger than 1.5
Measure Mesure See <mitigation measure> and <restoration measure>
Mesohabitat Mésohabitat Spatially distinct patch of relatively homogeneous <microhabitat> patches serving species or life stages as <habitat>. See <geomorphic unit>
Microhabitat Microhabitat Spatially distinct patch of uniform substrate, plant cover or physical structure which is relevant for species, e.g. as spawning or feeding substrate
Mitigation measure Mesure d’atténuation, mesure de correction Activity to reduce the impact of a pressure
Mollusks Mollusques Unsegmented invertebrate animals (without a backbone) that possess an external or vestigial calcium carbonate shell
Morphological unit Unité morphologique See <geomorphic unit>
Mud Vase, Boue Loose slushy fine sediment consisting of clay, silt, fine sand, and organic material. Often water-formed and deposited on the bottom of lakes, rivers and estuaries
Natural levee Levée de rive, Bourelet de berge Elevated feature along river channel, composed of sediments deposited by overbank flows leaving the main channel
Oxbow lake Bras mort Lake formed when a river meander is cut off from the main channel
Pebble Caillou, Galet Gravel particle
Pelagic Pélagique Living and feeding in the water column. Opposed to <benthic>
Physiographic unit Unité physiographique See <landscape unit>
Phytoplankton Phytoplancton Microscopic plants that float or drift almost passively in water
Point bar Banc de convexité Bar along the inner bank of a river bend
Pool Mouille, Fosse Relatively deep, still section in a river or stream. Pools alternate with <steps> or <riffles> in gravel-bed rivers and with <crossings> or <cross-overs> in navigable rivers
Potamal Potamal Zone of lowland rivers in longitudinal habitat zonation. See also <crenal> or <krenal> and <rhithral>
Pothole Puit naturel, Marmite de géant Deep circular hole scoured in bedrock as a result of abrasion by transported particles trapped in the hole
Pressure Pression In hydromorphology: Force per unit area exerted on a surface by the weight of the water above that surface. In the Water Framework Directive: Direct environmental effect of a driver such as agriculture, industry, hydropower generation or navigation
Rapids Rapides Stream bed with boulders organized in irregular transverse lines (ribs), in steep confined channels
Reach Bief, Tronçon Section of river along which boundary conditions are sufficiently uniform for the river to maintain a near-constant internal set of process-form interactions. Reach is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms
Region Région Relatively large area underleying similar broad influences of climate, relief, tectonic processes, etc. Also <ecoregion> or <biogeographical region>. Region is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms. It typically contains characteristic assemblages of natural communities and species.
Restoration measure Mesure de restauration Activity to improve the status of degraded waters, be it by improving water quality or by changing hydromorphological conditions
Rheophilic Rhéophile Adjective for aquatic species that prefer flowing waters. See also <eurytopic> and <limnophilic>
Rhithral Rhithral Zone of streams in longitudinal habitat zonation, identical to the zone of trout and grayling. See also <crenal> or <krenal> and <potamal>
Ridge Crête Old <scroll bar> incorporated in the floodplain as the channel migrated away
Riffle Seuil, Radier Zone of relatively shallow and rapid flow in gravel-bed rivers
Riparian Riparien Related to zone adjacent to a stream or river with a high density, diversity, and productivity of plant and animal species compared to nearby uplands
Ripple Ride Small bedform of a few centimetres high, with a long crest perpendicular to the flow
River element Élement de rivière Part of river environment including individuals and patches of sediment, plants, wood, etc. Also <microhabitat>. River element is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms.
River sector Secteur de rivière See <river segment>
River segment Segment de rivière Section of river subject to similar valley-scale influences and energy conditions. Also river sector. River segment is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms
Run Plat courant Zone of relatively shallow flow as an intermediate feature between shallower riffles and deeper pools, similar to the somewhat flatter <glide>
Sand Sable Mineral soil particle between 0.063 mm and 2.0 mm in diameter
Scour Affouillement Local removal of sediment from the stream bed by flowing water
Scroll bar Bourrelets de banc Elongated raised feature on top of a <point bar>
Sediment Sédiments Solid matter eroded, transported or deposited in rivers
Sediment yield Apport solide Amount of sediment eroded per unit land area in a river catchment
Silt Limon, Silt Mineral soil particle between 0.002 mm and 0.063 mm in diameter
Sinuosity Sinuosité Ratio between the distance measured along the channel and the distance measured in the direction of the overall planimetric course or meander belt axis
Specific stream power Puissance spécifique d’un cours d’eau <Stream power> per unit channel width, as a measure of flow strength
Step Marche d’escalier Steep accumulation of boulders and cobbles across a channel, generally with a pool downstream that is scoured by flow plunging over the step
Stream power Puissance d’un cours d’eau Rate of energy dissipation per unit downstream length, as a measure of flow strength. See also <flow velocity> and <bed shear stress>
Stressor Agent stressant Pressure in the sense of a direct environmental effect of a driver
Subreach Sous-bief See <geomorphic unit>
Suspended load Charge en suspension, Matériaux transportés en suspension Sediment transported in the water column, kept from settling by upward turbulent motions of the water. It can consist of both <bed-material load> and <washload>
Swale Dépression Depression between adjacent <ridges> that are old <scroll bars>
Terrace Terrace Abandoned inactive floodplain perched above contemporary channel and floodplain
Thalweg Talweg, Thalweg Line connecting the deepest points of consecutive cross-sections
Thread Lit Channel in river typologies. A single-thread river has only one channel in each cross-section. A multiple-thread has more than one channel in each cross-section
Wandering river Rivière divagante River with a single channel that locally splits into two channels, as a transitional form between meandering rivers and braided rivers
Washload Charge de ruissellement, Charge de lessivage Sediments much finer than those in the river bed, transported without dependence on flow strength
Water body Masse d’eau, Plan d’eau Distinct and significant volume of water
Water depth Profondeur d’eau Height of water column. Elevation difference between water level and bed level
Water level Niveau d’eau, Niveau du plan d’eau Elevation of water surface above a horizontal datum
Watershed Ligne de partage des eaux, Bassin versant Area of land drained by a river and its tributaries. Also <catchment> or <drainage basin>. <Catchment> is a spatial unit within the multi-scale <REFORM framework> of hydromorphological processes and forms